1. Siege: A military operation in which an enemy surrounds a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling those inside to surrender.

2. Airstrikes: Attacks carried out by aircraft dropping bombs from the air.

3. Reservists: Individuals who are members of a military reserve force, called up for active duty in times of need.

4. Precipice: A very steep rock face or cliff, often used metaphorically to refer to a dangerous or risky situation.

5. Escalation: The process of increasing in extent, volume, quantity, or scope.

6. Densely Populated: Having a high number of people in a given area.

7. Horde: A large group of people, typically moving or acting together.

8. Recriminations: Accusations in response to accusations made against oneself.

9. Coruscating: Shining brightly; sparkling.

10. Unilateral: Involving or done by only one side.

11. Occupation: The action, state, or period of occupying or being occupied by military force.

12. Contain: To keep something harmful within limits; to control or restrain.

13. Casualties: People killed or injured in a war or accident.

14. Unprecedented: Never done or known before; unparalleled.

15. Cacophony: A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds.

16. Allyship: The action of forming a partnership or alliance, especially in social justice contexts.

17. Recall: To remember; to bring the memory of a past event into one’s mind.

18. Metropolitan: Relating to or denoting a metropolis, often used to refer to a large city and its surrounding suburbs.

19. Correspondent: A person who reports news or comments on current events for the media.

20. Precarious: Not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or collapse.

You’re listening to the Global Newspodcast from the BBC World Service.Hello, I’m Oliver Conway.We’re recording this at 13 hours GMT.On Monday, the 9 October, the Israeli militarysays it’s regained full control of towns andvillages overrun by Palestinian militants from Gaza.Israel’s Defense Minister has ordered acomplete siege of the Palestinian territoryafter carrying out hundreds of airstrikes.The latest report say 700 Israelisand 560 Palestinians have been killed.We’ll bring you up to date also in the podcast.Food, tents, and blankets have started arriving invillages hit by a strong earthquake in Afghanistan.How climate change is affecting tourismin popular destinations like Spain.The temperature used to go down a little bit,and we have a little rest at night, butthis summer, for 2025 days, that didn’t happen.So maybe in the future, we will have way morepeople coming to our destination in winter and autumn.And the old coins found in Scotland, whichmay have belonged to a clan chief whowas murdered more than 300 years ago.More than two days after the murderousassault by Palestinian militants, the Israeli DefenseForces say they’ve regained control of thetowns and villages that were overrun.However, some Hamas gunmen are reported to haveentered southern Israel overnight through tunnels from Gazaand may still be at large.At least 700 people in Israel died inthe attacks, including at least nine Americans.100 people were taken ashostages across the separation barrier.The Health Ministry in Gaza says 560Palestinians have been killed in Israeli airstrikes.Israel has called up 300,000 reservists as itgears up for a possible major military operation.Israeli Defense Forces spokeswoman Masha Mickelsonsays their immediate focus is onrescuing the captives, whatever the cost.Israel is a state that holds human life sacred,and we will do everything in our power toensure that they’re coming back home safe.But we’re at war.What military target was Hamas going for when theymurdered over 700 people in the last 48 hours?This is the deadliest attack on thestate of Israel since its formation.Well, 74 year old Ada Saggy is among those believedto have been kidnapped by Hamas near the Gaza border.Her son noam.Lives in the UK.It feels unreal on so many levels.It feels inhumane on another level.It is very upsetting to think that this iseven possible, that even in war, there are rules.And we’re talking about men in their twenty sand the thirty s that come into an oldwoman house and snatch her and her neighbors.So I am seeing life a little bit throughthe keyhole right now, and I want to seemom coming back home alive and well.For the latest on the Israeli military’sefforts to restore security in southern Israel,I spoke to our correspondent John Donorson.It’s a somewhat confused picturein that area around Gaza.We’ve just had a statement from the israeli militaryspokesperson Daniel Hagari, and he has said that Israeliforces are now in full control of the communitiesthat were attacked by Hamas, but there might stillbe Palestinian militants at large in the area.Now, earlier, the army had said that thereremained fighting in seven or eight separate locations.The military has also said it believes thatPalestinian militants were able to breach the fenceand pass into Israel overnight, with some reportsof a tunnel being dug.So it does seem that the southern border isnot yet completely secure, although the military is sayingthat those communities are now under its full control.Meanwhile, the Defence Minister has been making somestrong comments about Israel’s response to this attack.Yes, Israel’s Defense Minister, Yuav Galar, has said hehas ordered a total blockade on the Gaza Stripwith no electricity, no food and no fuel.Of course, Israel has had a blockade on Gaza alongwith Egypt since Hamas took control back in 2007.But it does seem that is going to be tightenedand it’s already an incredibly difficult situation in Gaza.We’ve had Israel targeting 500 Hamas targets overnight, it says,and the UN saying more than 120,000 Palestinians in Gazahave left their homes and have been displaced, and manyof those are sheltering in UN schools.And two days on, from the start ofthis assault, how do people in Israel feel?We’ve heard that sirens have been going off inTel Aviv and in Jerusalem, where you are.Yeah, we just had a siren go off here inJerusalem a short while ago, apparently because some more rocketshad been fired out of Gaza, I think.Look, Israel is in a state of collective trauma.I mean, just to put this into somesort of perspective, in previous conflicts, back in2009, you had 13 Israelis being killed.In 2012, it was six Israelis being killed.Now we’re talking about more than 700.This is completely unprecedented.It came as a surprise, and many Israelis areangry at what’s happened, but they’re also pretty united,I think, in that it needs a strong responsefrom the Israeli military and the Israeli government.John Donnison in Jerusalem.And as John was saying, the Israeli DefenceMinister, YAV gallant ordered that the long termblockade of Gaza be tightened into a totalsiege, with even water supplies cut off.We are battling beastly people, he said.Nadjla Shahwa is from the Charity Oxfam in Gaza City.With airstrikes continuing.She told us that even before the attacks,life for Palestinians in Gaza was harsh.Since yesterday morning, we had noelectricity whatsoever at our house.Now, because it’s good to remind peoplewho are listening that before the dateof October 7, gaza was suffering.Palestinians have been suffering.So electricity for 15 years has not been proper.I mean, it’s six, 8 hours a day, and thisaffects also the entire water system and access of waterto houses that was an airstrike probably in the area.Yeah, well, the situation in Gaza is currentlytoo dangerous to broadcast from, but a fewhours before we recorded this podcast, I spoketo our correspondent in the Palestinian territory.Rushdi abu aluf.I can see huge black smoke and duston the sky covering the entire area.The sound was really very loudand very shocking in the area.That was the situation since last night when Israelstarted the second day of revenge into Gaza.About 500 airstrikes targeted many places,many locations across the Gaza Strip.One of them was a deadly attack in southern Gaza,as the Health Ministry said, 19 member of one family.They all killed under the rubble of one house targetedin Rafa and south in Gaza, where now the funeralfor those people are about to take place.Hamas official here in Gaza issue a warning that keepthe border shut will mean that all of the essentialservices cannot be provided for the people within 48 hours.They held like a brisk conference this morning.They said we are running out of fuel,hospitals are running out of the essential needs.They said we need the border to be open immediately,so we can send those who are in critical situationto be treated in better hospital, maybe in Egypt.So the situation is really escalating, mounting theescalation in a very serious way, very dramaticway since last night with the sound ofexplosions could be heard everywhere. Yeah.The UN saying more than100,000 people have been displaced.Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister,telling people in Gaza to leave.Is there anywhere they can go? No way.I mean, the Gaza is 2.3 million people.They live in one of the highest denselypopulated places maybe in the entire planet.And people have no shelters, they have no evenserence system that warn them when there is airstrikes.Some of the people fled to UN school, butthe UN schools can’t take all of the people.Also some of the Israeli IDF spokesman wasadvising people to go into the city centerinstead of staying next to the border.But even in the city center we haveseen many buildings collapsed from our bureau inthe middle of a Gaza city.I’m overlooking the Gaza downtown and thereis three or four buildings were takendown and they’re plucking the main road.So many people have been like appealing on localradio station saying where can we go, how canwe hide when there is 500 airstrikes around Gaza?The presenter was like talking to locals whowere appealing on the local radio station.BBC’s rushdie Abu Aluf in Gaza, a Hamasspokesman has claimed that Israeli airstrikes overnight andtoday on Gaza had killed four Israeli hostagesas well as their Hamas captors.There’s been no confirmation of that, but the BBC hasseen video footage that appears to show the dead bodiesof at least three hostages on an Israeli road nearGaza who were filmed being taken away on Saturday.There are also reports that.” WWW.ARMINIC.COM”  Qatar is trying to broker a deal under whichHamas would free Israeli women and children in exchangefor Palestinian women and children held in Israeli jails.Our correspondent Anna Foster is in the southernIsraeli city of Ashkelon, just north of Gaza.I asked her about the Israeli military buildup there.What I can see is that a large numberof Israeli military vehicles, their are trained towards Gaza.In some cases they appear to be ina sort of ready to move formation.Now, there are a lot of things that Israel hasto consider right now in terms of a ground offensiveand whether it’s something they want to do.They know that there are hostages, israelihostages, that are being held inside Gaza.And that is a consideration because itis so densely packed, densely populated, asRushdie was telling you there.To actually go in and carry out aground operation with minimal civilian casualties, both onthe Palestinian side and to Israeli civilians whoare being held hostage, would be extremely difficult.But they do need to try and rescue those hostages.And Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli Prime Minister, haspromised a substantial response to those attacks inthe early hours of Saturday morning that wouldlook on paper, like a ground offensive.So I think at this stage, everybody is watchingand waiting to see what will happen here next.There are reports of rocket fire coming out ofGaza, as well as Israeli airstrikes going in.How does it feel there?Well, it’s been happening all morning andin fact, we were in the centreof Ashkelon interviewing somebody just earlier.And often on your mobile phone, people haveapps that will actually sort of let youknow when there are incoming missiles.But in this case, the public sirens went off andpeople who live there, they know what that means.So we along with them, we went and took coverand literally looked up above and you can hear theloud banging of those missiles from Gaza that are beingintercepted by the Israeli Iron Dome missile defense system.It does manage to catch most ofthem, they say more than 90%.But then we saw smoke rising on the horizon.So we went to an apartmentbuilding where a missile had fallen.It was right outside, actually.It was between two buildings and youcould see the crater in the ground.We went to one apartment where the shrapnelhad sort of blown up and pierced whatlooked like bullet holes in their windows.The family were obviously extremely frightened.I talked to parents who were cradlingtheir children next to broken windows.To reiterate, they are used tothis kind of thing happening.They are used to a certain numberof missiles being fired from Gaza.But what they are seeing atthe moment, they say, feels relentless.Anna Foster in the southern Israeli city of Ashkelon.In a separate development, the Israeli army saidit had killed a number of armed suspectswho had infiltrated into northern Israel from Lebanon.A Hezbollah official there said the grouphadn’t mounted any operation into Israel.Well, as we’ve heard, Israel is massingits forces around Gaza, and many Palestiniansare bracing themselves for further retaliation.Our analysis editor, Roz Atkins has this assessment ofthe fast moving events of the past few days.Let’s start with the Islamist militantgroup that carried out this attack. Who?Ahamas.Well, its name is an Arabicacronym for Islamic Resistance Movement.It’s sworn to Israel’s destruction,and its base is Gaza.It’s been in control there since 2007, thoughas it’s not held an election since, it’shard to gauge what support it has.This weekend, President Biden calledHamas a terrorist organization.And the EU. The UK.And the US.All categorize it this way.In the region, Iran is Hamas’s primary backer.Hamas also has close relations withthe militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon,which shares a border with Israel.Our next question is whether thisweekend is different to previous escalations.Serious, violent escalations between Israel andthe Palestinians are not uncommon.But the scale of this Hamas attack makes it different.Israeli territory was infiltrated.Over 700 Israelis have died, asmany as 100 hostages were taken.And the UN’s Middle East peace envoy saysthis is a dangerous precipice, and I appealto all to pull back from the brink.This is different, and the scale of theattack leads us to how is Israel responding?Well, already Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyah, whotalks of a long and difficult war.There are Israeli airstrikes in Gaza.At least 400 people have been killed.Military vehicles are heading to the Gazaborder, and tens of thousands of Israelireservists are being called up.As well as that, the US.Defense Secretary, Lloyd Austin, has announcedthat additional equipment and resources, includingmunitions, will be sent.Israel’s allies are offering solidarity and help.And while right now the focus is on theimmediate threat from Hamas, israel and its allies willalso know that in the long term, this attackwill reshape how they seek to maintain Israel’s security.Ros Atkins and still to come on the Global Newspodcast our twelve year old sister was hoping to becomea doctor, but is hopeless about her future.I was delighted when I saw the Darts advert anddecided to make sure my sisters watched the program, themultimedia educational series aimed at girls in Afghanistan.In Afghanistan, rescue teams have begun to deliveressential aid, like food and blankets to villagersdestroyed by a powerful earthquake on Saturday.The 6.3 magnitude tremor flattened areas inthe western province of Harat, and thedeath toll continues to rise.I got an update from Darwood Azami,head of the BBC Afghan service.It’s a remote area far from the capital, Kabul,so that’s one reason that it is taking alot of time for aid agencies and the centralgovernment to carry out rescue operations or deliver aid.But we are getting reports that entire villageshave been raised because they are mostly madeof mud bricks, not very strong buildings.And most of the people who died in the earthquakeare women and children because they were at home.Men are usually our size in the farmsor for work, so they were at home.So that’s why they are buried under the rubble.And many people are still buried under the rubble.And the reports we are getting about the dead tollis that it is reaching 2500 and it will goup, I think, because they are finding more and morebodies and thousands of people are injured.There are not many hospitals.Hospitals are overwhelmed.So there is a need for medicines, for shelter,for food, for everything you need to survive.Today, the Deputy Prime Minister of the Talibangovernment visited the area to assess aid delivery.But the Taliban government has made severalappeals from aid agencies in international communitythat we need aid, we need medicine,we need food, we need everything. Yeah.Because even before this, the Talibangovernment was struggling with the economy.It’s a very poor country.It is one of the poorest countries in the world.There are UN agencies which aremainly involved in humanitarian work.But the UN itself was asking the international community,even before this earthquake that we need aid desperatelybecause the winter is coming, a lot of peopleneed food to survive, but this is an additionalchallenge that they are facing.So it will be a big challenge for theTaliban government, especially because they are now in chargeand they are expected to deliver, but also. “ WWW.ARMINIC.COM “  For aid agencies as well.There are some Afghan businessmen inside the country andoutside Afghanistan who have pledged aid, but it willtake many days and weeks to arrive.And if you look at the comments made byAfghans speaking to the BBC or on social media,they are criticizing international response or indifference because theysay that it is saddening and people or theinternational community is not responding quick enough.And the news of the earthquake was obviously overshadowedby what is happening in Israel and Gaza.Dawood Azami of the BBC Afghan Service While Stayingin Afghanistan, a BBC educational program aimed at childrenwho are barred from school, has launched its secondseries, das, which means lesson will run on radio,TV and online until the end of the Afghanschool year in December.Helena Wilkinson has been looking at itsimpact a lesson in maths delivered inPashti, one of the languages of Afghanistan.Lacie Azuri.Since the program launched six months ago,the team has been tracking its impact.Here are some of the messages fromthe audience, read by a BBC journalist.Our twelve year old sister was hoping to becomea doctor, but is hopeless about her future.I was delighted when I saw the Dars advert anddecided to make sure my sisters watched the programme.Dars Baman omidahad dars gives me hope.I was wondering if there are peopleout there that care about me.Now I know.The program is broadcast in both Dari and Pashtu,Afghanistan’s two national languages and includes stories from aroundthe world and lessons in science and English. School.I go to school.It’s presented by BBC journalists whowere themselves evacuated from the country.Hi, my name is Alia Farzan and I’m presentingDas as I was in the country a fewweeks ago and I witnessed that people were veryhappy about this, especially those girls and the parents,that the girls couldn’t go to school and theydidn’t have any other help during this period.Tell her that I removed it.I’ve come to the gallery where the teamis in the middle of recording the programme.The presenter is Shazia Haya and she’sin the studio next door to us.Salamuna is vital for us.My cousins are in Afghanistan.They are not able to go to schools and they havegrown up and seeing me as a lady who had opportunityto go to school, who had opportunity to go to universityand now who has the opportunity of working.Fiona Crack is head of World Service Languages.She says it’s particularly difficult to getany accurate measure of the programme’s impact.What we do see is the response from thegirls, from the children, through our social channels, tellingus it’s making a difference to their lives.Pashtana Girani campaigns to improve thelives of women and girls throughher educational charity Learn Afghanistan.That’s such a brilliant and brief thing to do, especiallywhen you don’t have a political position to do itand you just do it, not wait for somebody oryour country or the political system to change.That’s the biggest allyship that anyonecould do with Afghanistan right now.Huge numbers of children inAfghanistan can’t go to school.The Das program may be one of their onlyavenues to education that report by Helena Wilkinson.This year, many parts of theworld suffered unbearably hot temperatures, withsouthern Europe particularly badly affected.There are concerns that as the impact ofclimate change becomes increasingly obvious, it will affectthe EU’s $600 billion a year tourism industry.Guy Hedgeko reports from Benedictorm in Spain, europe’s hottest eversummer may be coming to an end, but in thebeach resort of Benedorm, the sun is still shining.It’s 27, it’s absolutely fine.I mean, I’m burned from head toe, but that’s justby the by, isn’t it too hot during the day?Yeah, unless you’re actually in the pool.Obviously the only respite you get is ina hotel room where you got the uracon.You just need to be able to feela bit of the heat into your bones.Other than that, if it gets toohot, you can’t go out in it.Mediterranean countries, climate change is starting tobe felt in the tourism industry.We used to have way smoother nights, thetemperature used to go down a little bitand we have a little rest at night. Right.But this summer, for 2025 days, that didn’t happen.So maybe in the future we will have waymore people coming to our destination in winter andautumn and not that much in summer.Temperatures are increasing in the Mediterranean region,20% faster than the global average.Here in Spain, there were four heat waves lastsummer during which temperatures exceeded 40 Celsius in manyareas of the country, as the authorities recommended thatpeople remain indoors during the hottest time of day.Italy saw record temperatures over the summerand wildfires caused thousands of people tobe evacuated from islands in Greece.The science suggests these arenot freak weather events.The tendency over the coming years will belonger summers, starting earlier and finishing later, andwe will have longer, more intense heat waves.The possibility of extreme heat seems tobe influencing where many holidaymakers go.Since the Pandemic, cooler destinations like Denmarkand Iceland have been particularly popular.We are seeing a gradual but sustained trend thatpeople are travelling more to the north of Spainand to northern Europe and this will continue.It’s still too soon to know the full impact ofclimate change on tourism, but it could be that southernEuropean resorts like Benedorm will soon face stiff competition fromplaces where the sun doesn’t always shine.Guy Hedgeko in Spain, a horde ofcoins hidden under a stone fireplace inScotland has been found after 330 years.They’re believed to have belonged to a Highland clanchief murdered in the massacre of Glencoe in 1692.The coins were discovered by an archaeologystudent on her first ever dig.Our Scotland correspondent,Alexandra Mackenzie reports.The archaeology team from Glasgow University said thiswas the first major excavation in Glencoe.The dig focused on scattered rocks believed tohave been the MacDonald clan chief’s summer house.More than 300 years after he died inthe Glencoe massacre, an archaeology student taking partin her first ever dig found the horde.The University of Glasgow said the discovery contained 36silver and bronze coins dating from the late 15hundreds to the 1680s, including pieces from the timeof Queen Elizabeth I and King Charles I.It’s thought the horde was hidden just beforeor during the Glencoe massacre for safekeeping.A number of other artifacts were also discoveredat the site, including a musket and foulingshot pottery from across Europe and a powder.Major Alexandra Mackenzie returning now to our topstory the escalating conflict in the Middle East.The attack by Hamas militants is a hugechallenge for the Israeli Prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu.His right wing government has deeply dividedthe nation over its sweeping legal reforms,and his political opponents are blaming himfor failing to keep Israelis safe.Our international editor, Jeremy Bowen,spoke to Martha Carney.The recriminations have already started.In the anti government newspaper Ha’aritz, there’s acorruscating editorial, of course, condemning what’s happened, theattacks, but also saying that the person who’sfaulted it is Netanyahu, the Prime Minister, becausehe’s been so concerned with his own legalproblems, he’s on trial for corruption.He’s been concerned as well with the veryideological nature of his current government in tryingto take over areas of the West Bank.So on that side, there arealready arguments about who is responsible.Now I don’t think there are any argumentsamong Israelis about what they should do.” WWW.ARMINIC.COM “  The next in terms of taking military action.And the military action could include a groundoperation, which would be very significant given theground forces were withdrawn, weren’t they, in 2005?Yeah.Israel occupied Gaza fully the whole of it, untilthe early 90s, when the peace process started.But they still retained a large areaof Jewish settlements where there were soldiers.They were pulled out in a Unilateral actionin 2005, not part of a peace agreement.And what are the reasons why?Up to now, the Israelis have tried to contain Hamasin Gaza rather than go in, as many people havecalled for on the Israeli side, to settle the matter,as they put it, once and for all.One of the reasons is that they don’twant to get into an occupation again.The occupation was very difficult for them.Gaza is a strip of land along the Mediterranean coast,but it has a population of around 2.4 million people.So fighting in that area willguarantee large numbers of civilian casualties.And if they try to put troops onthe ground in a long operation, they probablyget a lot of Israeli casualties, too.Our international editor, Jeremy Bowen.And that is all from us for now, butthe Global News podcast will be back very soon.If you’d like to submit a question for anupcoming special edition all about the escalating Middle Eastconflict, send us an email or a voice note.The address is globalpodcast at BBC co. UK.Or you can find us on X or Twitter at global newspod.This edition was produced by AliceAdele and mixed by Craig Kingham.Our editor’s, Karen Button.I’m Oliver Conway. Until next time. Goodbye.